TYBMS SEM 6: Finance: Project Management (Q.P. April 2024 with Solution)

 Paper/Subject Code: 86008/Finance: Project Management

TYBMS SEM 6: 

Finance: 

Project Management 

(Q.P. April 2024 with Solution)

(A) Multiple Choice Question: (Any 8)                    (8)

1. project are those set up within the national boundaries of a country.

(i) National

(ii) International

(iii) Normal

(iv) Private

2. _______ is the long-term strategic decision which determines a company's capability to supply products or services.

(i) Project Management Maturity Model (PMMM)

(ii) Continuous improvement

(iii) Capacity planning

(iv) Procedural

3. _______ is the set of tasks grouped chronologically into processes and the set of people or resources needed for those tasks.

(i) Organisation

(ii) Workflow

(iii) Project

(iv) Organisational structure

4. ________ analysis enables the government to take up new developments which will benefit everyone and not just a few.

(i) SWOT

(ii) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

(iii) Feasibility studies

(iv) social cost benefit

5. ________ is the process of tracking, reviewing, and reporting the progress to meet the performance objectives defined in the project management plan.

(i) Project Management Maturity Model (PMMM)

(ii) Monitor and Control Project Work 

(iii) Project management information system

(iv) Project auditing

6. _______ are instruments for raising debt capital.

a. Equity

b. Preference

c. Factoring

d. Debenture

7 _______ is the number of days a company takes in realizing its inventories in cash.

a. Cash Cycle

b. Operating cycle

c-Debtor cycle

-d. Creditor cycle

8. If PI < 1 then reject the project.

a) Accept

b) Reject

c) No effect

d) Positive effect

9. _______ contains the recognition that process improvement is necessary to maintain a competitive advantage.

a. Level 1-Common Language

b. Level 2-Common Processes

c. Level 3-Singular Methodology

d. Level 4-Benchmarking

e. Level 5- Continuous Improvement

10. The key to a successful project is in the _______

(i) Planning 

(ii) Organising 

(iii) Monitoring 

(iv) Implementation

(B) Match the following: (Any 7)-

Group 'A'	Group 'B'
(a) Feasibility study	(i) Internal and positive factors feasibility
(b) Technical	(ii) A tool used to identify the environmental, social and economic impacts of a project prior to decision- making.
(c) Economic viability	(iii) Financial analysis
(d) Swot	(iv) External and positive factors
(e) Strengths	(v) Strategic planning tool
(f) Weaknesses	(vi) Technology
(g) Opportunities unities	(vii) External and negative factors
(h) Threats	(viii) Better use of available raw material
(i) Environmental impact assessment	(ix) Improve the standard of living in society
(j) Positive NPV	(x) Internal and negative factors
	(xi) Accept the proposal

 Ans:

Group 'A'	Group 'B'
(a) Feasibility study	(ix) Improve the standard of living in society
(b) Technical	(vi) Technology
(c) Economic viability	(iii) Financial analysis
(d) Swot	(v) Strategic planning tool
(e) Strengths	(i) Internal and positive factors feasibility
(f) Weaknesses	(x) Internal and negative factors
(g) Opportunities unities	(iv) External and positive factors
(h) Threats	(vii) External and negative factors
(i) Environmental impact assessment	(ii) A tool used to identify the environmental, social and economic impacts of a project prior to decision- making.
(j) Positive NPV	(xi) Accept the proposal

Q2. A. Discuss Project Management Maturity Model.

The Project Management Maturity Model (PMMM) is a framework used to assess and improve an organization's project management processes. It evaluates an organization's maturity in managing projects, with the goal of identifying areas for improvement, developing best practices, and enhancing overall project success. The PMMM provides a structured path for organizations to advance from basic, ad-hoc project management practices to optimized, repeatable, and predictive project management processes.

Components of the Project Management Maturity Model

The PMMM typically consists of several stages or levels that represent the maturity of project management processes within an organization. These stages indicate the increasing sophistication and integration of project management practices.

1. Initial (Ad-Hoc) Stage

• Characteristics: At this level, project management processes are unstructured, reactive, and often chaotic. Project management is typically done on an individual or case-by-case basis, with no standardized procedures.
• Management Style: Projects are driven by the immediate needs, with little to no formal planning, monitoring, or control.
• Challenges: High failure rates, unpredictability, poor communication, and inefficiency.
• Focus: Addressing urgent project needs without consistent methods.

2. Managed (Defined) Stage

• Characteristics: Basic project management processes are defined and followed, though they may still be reactive and not yet optimized. Some consistency is achieved, but there is still a lack of integration across the organization.
• Management Style: Project management becomes more structured, with defined roles, schedules, and basic project planning tools in place.
• Challenges: Processes are still isolated within specific projects and may lack thorough risk management or quality control.
• Focus: Implementing basic standards and practices, such as scope definition, project scheduling, and resource management.

3. Defined Stage

• Characteristics: At this level, the organization adopts standardized, documented project management processes across all projects. Best practices are established and tailored to the organization’s needs.
• Management Style: There is a higher degree of formalization, with project management processes and templates standardized across the organization.
• Challenges: While processes are well-defined, they might still be rigid and lack flexibility to respond to changing circumstances.
• Focus: Process consistency, documentation, and quality standards.

4. Quantitatively Managed Stage

• Characteristics: The organization begins to use quantitative data and metrics to measure and control project performance. Key performance indicators (KPIs) and data-driven decisions become central to managing projects.
• Management Style: Advanced project management processes are in place, and performance is measured and managed based on data, such as cost, schedule variance, and quality metrics.
• Challenges: Establishing and maintaining accurate measurement systems, as well as managing the complexity of data-driven processes.
• Focus: Data collection, performance measurement, risk management, and process improvement based on metrics.

5. Optimized Stage

• Characteristics: At this highest level of maturity, the organization focuses on continuous improvement and innovation in its project management processes. Best practices are optimized, and the organization is highly adaptive and proactive in managing projects.
• Management Style: The organization uses feedback loops, lessons learned, and best practices to continually refine and improve its project management processes. Innovation and flexibility are key characteristics.
• Challenges: Maintaining momentum for continuous improvement, managing change, and ensuring that the processes evolve to meet new challenges.
• Focus: Continuous process improvement, innovation, knowledge sharing, and aligning project management practices with organizational strategy.

Benefits of Using a Project Management Maturity Model

1. Improved Project Success Rates: By assessing and improving project management processes, organizations increase their ability to successfully complete projects on time, within budget, and with the desired quality.

2. Standardization: The model helps establish a common language and set of processes for project management across the organization, leading to better coordination and collaboration.

3. Increased Efficiency: As project management practices mature, organizations optimize their processes, reduce waste, and streamline operations, leading to higher efficiency and productivity.

4. Better Risk Management: The more mature the project management processes, the better the organization can identify, assess, and mitigate risks early in the project lifecycle.

5. Alignment with Strategic Goals: A mature project management process ensures that projects align with organizational strategy and contribute to long-term goals, leading to better resource utilization and business outcomes.

6. Knowledge Management: At higher maturity levels, organizations focus on capturing lessons learned, sharing best practices, and developing a knowledge repository that can be used to improve future projects.

Implementation of PMMM

To implement a Project Management Maturity Model effectively, organizations typically follow these steps:

1. Assess Current Maturity Level: Perform a thorough assessment of current project management practices to identify the existing maturity level.

2. Set Improvement Goals: Based on the assessment, set specific goals for advancing the maturity level, such as improving resource management or introducing performance metrics.

3. Develop a Roadmap: Create a detailed plan or roadmap that outlines the steps and initiatives needed to achieve the desired maturity level.

4. Implement Best Practices: Introduce best practices, tools, and methodologies at each level of maturity, ensuring they are customized to fit the organization’s needs.

5. Monitor Progress: Continuously monitor progress, measure performance, and refine processes to ensure improvement and sustain high levels of maturity.

6. Continuous Improvement: Even at the highest maturity level, organizations should continue to focus on optimizing processes and adapting to changes in the external environment or technology.

Q2. B. How is project classified?

Projects can be classified based on various factors such as their objectives, scope, complexity, duration, industry, and level of investment. Below are some common ways to classify projects:

1. Based on Objective or Purpose

• Construction Projects: These involve the building or assembling of physical structures such as roads, bridges, buildings, or infrastructure.
  • Example: Residential buildings, highways, or airports.
• Research and Development (R&D) Projects: Focused on creating new products, technologies, or improving existing ones.
  • Example: Developing a new drug, software, or a renewable energy solution.
• IT Projects: Concerned with developing or implementing information technology systems, software, or infrastructure.
  • Example: Building a new software application, upgrading IT infrastructure.
• Event Projects: Involve organizing events such as conferences, concerts, or festivals.
  • Example: International sports events, corporate seminars, or weddings.

2. Based on Duration

• Short-Term Projects: Projects that have a relatively short duration, often completed within a few months.
  • Example: A marketing campaign or product launch.
• Long-Term Projects: Projects that span over a longer period, typically years, and often involve complex goals.
  • Example: Construction of a major infrastructure like a bridge or a multi-phase IT transformation.

3. Based on Complexity

• Simple Projects: These have clear, well-defined objectives, limited resources, and a straightforward execution process.
  • Example: Organizing a small corporate meeting or a single-product manufacturing line.
• Complex Projects: These involve multiple stakeholders, high uncertainty, and interdependent tasks. They require sophisticated planning and coordination.
  • Example: Building a space station or implementing an enterprise-wide software system.

4. Based on Industry or Sector

• Manufacturing Projects: These are focused on the production of goods and services.
  • Example: Setting up a new production line or a factory.
• Construction Projects: Projects related to building or renovating physical structures.
  • Example: Building a new office complex, roads, or bridges.
• Service Projects: These involve the development of services rather than tangible products.
  • Example: Launching a new consultancy or a healthcare program.
• Research and Innovation Projects: These focus on scientific research, product innovation, and technological advancements.
  • Example: Developing a new pharmaceutical drug or a new computer technology.

5. Based on Investment

• High-Cost Projects: These require significant financial resources and may have a long timeline and high risk.
  • Example: Building a new power plant or an airport.
• Low-Cost Projects: These are relatively inexpensive with lower levels of complexity and risk.
  • Example: A small office renovation or a marketing campaign.

6. Based on Stakeholder Involvement

• Internal Projects: Projects that are initiated and managed by internal teams within an organization to achieve internal objectives.
  • Example: Implementing a new HR system within the company.
• External Projects: Projects involving external clients, stakeholders, or contractors, often for commercial purposes.
  • Example: A consulting project for a client company or a government infrastructure project.

7. Based on Outcome

• Product-Based Projects: These projects result in the development or creation of a specific product.
  • Example: Developing a new mobile application or a vehicle.
• Process-Based Projects: Focus on improving or establishing a new process.
  • Example: Implementing a new quality control process in manufacturing.
• Research-Based Projects: These projects focus on generating knowledge, often involving experimentation or investigation.
  • Example: Conducting scientific research in biology or physics.

8. Based on Risk

• Low-Risk Projects: Projects with minimal uncertainty and potential for failure.
  • Example: Routine maintenance work or a small software update.
• High-Risk Projects: Projects that involve significant uncertainty, technical challenges, and the possibility of failure.
• Example: Space exploration missions or launching a new revolutionary product.

OR

Q2. A company can make either of two investment, Assure a required rate of return at 10" determine for each project.

(a) Net Present Value.

(b) Profitability Index.

The cash inflows of the two projects are as follows:

Particular	A	B
Cost of Investment (Rs.)	10,00,000	12,00,000
Expected Life (No Salvage)	5 Years	5 Years
Cash Inflow: Year 1	80,000	90,000
2	70,000	1,50,000
3	80,000	1,00,000
4	70,000	80,000
5	60,000	80,000

	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4	Year 5
PV of Re. 1 @ 10% of:	0.909	0.826	0.751	0.683	0.621

Q3. A. What is the importance of project planning?

Project planning is a critical phase in project management that involves defining project goals, establishing timelines, allocating resources, and outlining the steps necessary to achieve the project’s objectives. It sets the foundation for successful project execution and provides a roadmap to guide the team toward achieving desired outcomes.

Here are key reasons why project planning is important:

1. Clear Objectives and Goals

• Project planning helps in setting clear, specific, and measurable goals. It ensures that all team members understand the project's purpose and desired outcomes, which helps in maintaining focus and alignment throughout the project.

2. Resource Allocation

• Planning allows for the efficient allocation of resources such as personnel, budget, materials, and equipment. This ensures that the project has the necessary resources at the right time, avoiding shortages or wastage.

3. Time Management

• Effective planning outlines detailed timelines, including milestones and deadlines. This helps the project team stay on schedule and ensures that tasks are completed in the correct sequence to avoid delays.

4. Risk Management

• Project planning involves identifying potential risks and creating strategies to mitigate or respond to them. This proactive approach minimizes the impact of unforeseen issues and allows the team to handle challenges effectively.

5. Cost Control

• A well-structured plan helps in estimating costs accurately, setting a budget, and tracking expenses. It ensures that the project remains within budget, reducing the likelihood of cost overruns.

6. Improved Communication

• Planning establishes clear lines of communication among stakeholders and team members. It ensures that everyone is informed about progress, expectations, and any changes, fostering collaboration and transparency.

7. Performance Measurement

• A project plan includes performance metrics and milestones that help track progress. It allows project managers to assess whether the project is on track and make adjustments if needed to stay aligned with objectives.

8. Quality Control

• Planning helps in establishing quality standards and processes to ensure that the project deliverables meet the required quality expectations. It also helps in setting up review and approval processes to maintain standards.

9. Coordination and Teamwork

• A well-detailed plan helps coordinate the work of different team members, departments, or external partners. It clarifies roles, responsibilities, and expectations, enhancing teamwork and reducing conflicts.

10. Stakeholder Satisfaction

• A good project plan keeps stakeholders informed and engaged. By meeting deadlines, budgets, and quality standards, the project is more likely to satisfy stakeholder expectations and achieve success.

Q3. B. Discuss government assistance toward project management for start-ups.

Governments play a crucial role in fostering entrepreneurship by providing various forms of assistance to help start-ups manage projects effectively. These support mechanisms aim to address challenges such as limited funding, resource constraints, lack of expertise, and market access that many start-ups face.

Forms of Government Assistance:

1. Financial Support

   • Grants and Subsidies: Direct funding to support project development, such as product innovation, R&D, or market expansion.
   • Low-Interest Loans: Affordable financing options to cover operational and capital expenses.
   • Tax Incentives: Tax credits or deductions for expenditures on specific projects like technology adoption or green initiatives.
   • Venture Funds: Public-private partnership funds that invest in early-stage start-ups.

2. Infrastructure Support

   • Incubators and Accelerators: Government-backed programs providing office space, mentorship, and resources to help start-ups develop their projects.
   • Special Economic Zones (SEZs): Designated areas with tax benefits and infrastructure to support start-up operations.

3. Skill Development and Training

   • Workshops and Seminars: Training programs on project management methodologies, financial planning, and leadership.
   • Certifications: Subsidized or free certifications in project management and related fields to enhance workforce skills.

4. Regulatory Support

   • Simplified Processes: Streamlined licensing and registration processes to ease the burden of compliance for start-ups.
   • Policy Frameworks: Laws and policies specifically designed to encourage start-up growth, such as Start-Up India in India or Small Business Administration (SBA) programs in the U.S.

5. Networking and Collaboration

   • Access to Experts: Initiatives to connect start-ups with industry experts, mentors, and project managers.
   • International Exposure: Opportunities to participate in global trade fairs, collaborations, and project showcases.

6. Technology and Innovation Support

   • Research and Development Grants: Funding for tech-based and innovative projects.
   • Technology Transfer: Access to government-owned technologies or innovations to be utilized in start-up projects.

7. Market Access and Promotion

   • Export Assistance: Subsidies, training, and guidance to help start-ups enter international markets.
   • E-Procurement Platforms: Facilitating start-ups’ participation in government procurement opportunities.
   • Marketing Support: Assistance with branding, advertising, and trade fair participation.

Benefits of Government Assistance in Project Management:

1. Enhanced Financial Stability: Reduces the financial burden on start-ups, allowing them to focus on project execution.
2. Skill and Knowledge Enhancement: Provides tools and training to improve project management capabilities.
3. Improved Resource Access: Facilitates access to technology, networks, and infrastructure.
4. Lower Risk: Helps mitigate risks associated with new projects through advisory and regulatory support.
5. Boosts Innovation: Encourages innovative projects by minimizing barriers to entry.

Examples of Government Initiatives:

1. Start-Up India: Offers tax exemptions, funding support, and a platform for start-ups to connect with investors.
2. Small Business Administration (SBA), U.S.: Provides loans, mentorship, and business training.
3. Innovate UK: Grants for tech and innovation projects in the UK.
4. European Investment Fund (EIF): Supports start-ups with venture capital and guarantees.
5. Singapore’s Startup SG: Offers grants, funding schemes, and accelerator programs.

By leveraging these government initiatives, start-ups can effectively manage their projects, overcome challenges, and contribute to economic growth.

OR

Q3. The data relating to two companies are as given below:    (15)

Particular	Company A	Company B
Equity Capital @ Rs. 10/-each 10% Debenture Output (unit) pu Selling Price Per unit Fixed Cost pu Variable Cost pu	Rs 5,00,000 Rs 4,00,000 20,000 Rs 35 Rs. 5,00,000 Rs 20	Rs. 3,00,000 Rs. 6,00,000 10,000 Rs. 30 Rs 1,00,000 Rs 10

You are required to calculate the operating leverage (O1), financial leverage (Fl) and combine leverage (Cl) of two companies Las rate 50% find out impact of leverages on Cost of Capital

Q4. A. What is Risk? State and explain various types of risk in project.        (8)

Risk refers to the possibility of an uncertain event or condition occurring that could have a positive or negative impact on project objectives such as scope, time, cost, or quality. In project management, risks must be identified, assessed, and managed to minimize their potential negative effects and capitalize on any opportunities they may present.

Types of Risks in Projects

1. Strategic Risks

   • Definition: Risks arising from changes in organizational goals, priorities, or external market dynamics that impact the project's alignment with strategic objectives.
   • Example: Shifts in market demand make the project outcome less relevant.

2. Operational Risks

   • Definition: Risks related to the day-to-day operations of the project, including process inefficiencies, resource unavailability, or logistical issues.
   • Example: A key supplier fails to deliver materials on time, delaying the project schedule.

3. Financial Risks

   • Definition: Risks associated with project budgeting, funding, and financial planning.
   • Example: Currency fluctuations or unexpected cost overruns lead to budget shortfalls.

4. Technical Risks

   • Definition: Risks related to the use of new or untested technologies, design flaws, or technical complexity in project execution.
   • Example: A software project encounters unforeseen bugs during development.

5. Legal and Compliance Risks

   • Definition: Risks arising from changes in laws, regulations, or failure to adhere to compliance standards.
   • Example: New environmental regulations require significant redesign of a construction project.

6. Environmental Risks

   • Definition: Risks caused by external environmental factors such as natural disasters, weather conditions, or ecological changes.
   • Example: A hurricane damages critical project infrastructure.

7. Social and Political Risks

   • Definition: Risks stemming from changes in social or political contexts, including stakeholder opposition or political instability.
   • Example: A local community protests against a mining project.

8. Human Resource Risks

   • Definition: Risks involving project personnel, such as lack of skills, team conflicts, or unavailability of key resources.
   • Example: A skilled developer resigns mid-project, leaving a critical task incomplete.

9. Reputation Risks

   • Definition: Risks that may damage the organization’s or project's reputation due to negative public perception or stakeholder dissatisfaction.
   • Example: A project’s delay leads to public backlash and loss of client trust.

10. Market Risks

    • Definition: Risks related to market dynamics, including competition, customer preferences, or economic fluctuations.
    • Example: A competitor releases a similar product ahead of schedule, impacting the project's relevance.

Managing Risks in Projects

To handle these risks effectively, project managers follow a structured approach:

1. Identify Risks: Pinpoint potential risks using tools like brainstorming, SWOT analysis, and risk registers.
2. Assess Risks: Evaluate the likelihood and impact of each risk to prioritize responses.
3. Plan Responses: Develop mitigation, avoidance, transfer, or acceptance strategies.
4. Monitor and Control: Continuously track risks and update plans as the project progresses

Q4. B. What are the reasons for project termination?                   (7)

Project termination refers to the decision to conclude a project before or after its objectives have been achieved. It can happen for several reasons, broadly categorized into planned and unplanned causes. Below are the primary reasons for project termination:

1. Achievement of Objectives (Planned Termination)

• The project successfully meets its goals, deliverables, and scope as outlined in the project plan.
• It transitions to the next phase or hands over outcomes to operations or stakeholders.

2. Failure to Meet Objectives

• Technical Failure: The project cannot achieve its goals due to technical challenges or insurmountable issues.
• Market Failure: The product or service developed does not meet market needs or attract sufficient demand.

3. Resource Constraints

• Financial Issues: Insufficient budget to continue the project.
• Human Resource Shortage: Lack of skilled personnel or key team members.
• Material/Technological Constraints: Unavailability of required tools, materials, or technology.

4. Strategic Misalignment

• The project no longer aligns with the organization's strategic objectives or goals due to changes in priorities or direction.
• Mergers, acquisitions, or organizational restructuring might render the project unnecessary.

5. External Factors

• Market Changes: Shifts in market trends, regulations, or competition that impact the project's relevance.
• Economic Conditions: Recession, inflation, or unfavorable economic trends affecting feasibility.
• Political or Legal Factors: New laws, policies, or political instability disrupting progress.

6. Stakeholder Decision

• Lack of stakeholder support or disagreement on the project's continuation.
• Key sponsors withdraw funding or interest in the project.

7. Operational Challenges

• Poor project management leading to significant delays, cost overruns, or loss of confidence.
• Unresolved conflicts within the team or with external partners.

8. Technological Obsolescence

• The project relies on technology or processes that become outdated or irrelevant during its lifecycle.

9. Risk Management Issues

• Excessive risks materialize that outweigh the potential benefits of continuing the project.

OR

Q4. On 31 March, 2022 the balance sheet of Gomati Ltd. was as follows:            (15)

Balance Sheet

Liabilities	Rs.	Assets	Rs.
Share capital: Authorized 20,000 equity shares of Rs. 100/- each Issued and paid up 15,000 equity share of Rs. 100/- each 15,00,000 Less: Calls in arrears at Rs. 20/- each                  2,000 Reserves A/c. Bank Overdraft Creditors Bills Payable Outstanding Expenses	2,00,000         14,98,000 1,54,500 32,000 1,15,500 67,500 1,12,500	Land and buildings Furniture Stock Sundry debtors Bills Receivable Bank	3,00,000 1,72,500 4,50,000 9,07,500 20,000 1,30,000
	19,80,000		19,80,000

The net profits of the company after providing for tax were as follows:

Year Ended	Rs.
31 March, 2022 31 March, 2021 31 March, 2020 31 March, 2019 31 March, 2018	1,82,500 1,70,000 1,97,000 1,85,000 1,45,000

On 31 March, 2022-Land building were values at Rs. 4,75,000 and Furniture were valued at Rs. 2,05,000. Normal rate of return can considered at 10%. Goodwill is to be valued at Rs. 77,800.

Find the intrinsic value of fully paid and partly paid equity shares. Consider closing employed as average capital employed.

Q5. Calculate the important ratios for granting term loans and give your recommendations from the following information:                        (15)

(Rs. in Lacs)

Year	I	II	III
Profit before Interest & Tax	60.00	80.00	100.00

Tax rate 40%

Loan is repayable in equal installments at the end of the each of the 3 years along with interest.

Loan amount: Rs. 420 lacs @ 12% р.а.

Capital investment in project: Rs. 600 lacs depreciable equally over 3 years

Q5. Write Short Notes on: Any 3                (15)

a. Forms of organisation structure

Organizational structure refers to the framework that defines the hierarchy, roles, responsibilities, and communication flow within an organization. It influences how tasks are coordinated and how decisions are made. The main forms of organizational structures include:

1. Functional Structure:

   • Groups employees based on their specialized functions, such as marketing, finance, operations, etc.
   • Promotes expertise but may lead to siloed communication.

2. Divisional Structure:

   • Divides the organization into semi-autonomous units based on product lines, geography, or customer segments.
   • Encourages focus on specific markets but may duplicate resources across divisions.

3. Matrix Structure:

   • Combines functional and divisional structures, assigning employees to both functional departments and project teams.
   • Enhances flexibility and collaboration but may lead to role confusion and conflicts.

4. Flat Structure:

   • Features few hierarchical levels, emphasizing open communication and decision-making at all levels.
   • Encourages innovation but may lack clear authority in large organizations.

5. Hierarchical (Line) Structure:

   • A traditional model with clear chains of command from top to bottom.
   • Ensures accountability but can be rigid and slow to adapt.

6. Team-Based Structure:

   • Organizes employees into cross-functional teams working on projects or tasks.
   • Boosts collaboration and agility but may dilute authority.

Each structure has its advantages and challenges, and the choice depends on the organization's size, goals, and operational needs.

b. Production Planning and Control.

Production Planning and Control (PPC) is a systematic process that ensures the efficient organization, scheduling, and execution of production activities in a manufacturing or service environment. It aims to optimize resources, minimize costs, and meet customer demands effectively.

Key Components:

1. Production Planning:

   • Involves forecasting demand, setting production goals, and determining resource requirements such as labor, materials, and equipment.
   • Plans the workflow, sets timelines, and prepares for potential challenges.

2. Production Control:

   • Monitors and supervises production activities to ensure adherence to the plan.
   • Adjusts schedules, manages inventory, and resolves issues to maintain smooth operations.

Importance of PPC:

1. Resource Optimization: Ensures effective use of manpower, materials, and machinery.
2. Minimized Waste: Reduces overproduction, inventory excess, and operational delays.
3. Timely Delivery: Aligns production schedules with customer deadlines, improving satisfaction.
4. Cost Efficiency: Streamlines processes to control expenses and boost profitability.
5. Quality Assurance: Maintains consistency and quality in production outputs.

PPC is essential for achieving a balanced and efficient production system, enabling organizations to meet market demands while maintaining operational excellence.

c. Continues improvement.

Continuous improvement is an ongoing effort to enhance processes, products, services, or organizational performance over time. It is a fundamental concept in quality management and operational excellence, aiming to achieve incremental improvements or breakthrough advancements.

Principles of Continuous Improvement:

1. Incremental Changes: Small, consistent changes that build over time to achieve significant results.
2. Employee Involvement: Encouraging input and participation from all levels of the organization.
3. Customer Focus: Ensuring improvements align with customer needs and expectations.
4. Data-Driven Decisions: Using metrics and analysis to identify areas for improvement and measure progress.

Benefits of Continuous Improvement:

1. Enhanced Efficiency: Streamlines processes, reducing waste and resource consumption.
2. Higher Quality: Improves the quality of products and services, increasing customer satisfaction.
3. Cost Savings: Identifies and eliminates inefficiencies, lowering operational costs.
4. Competitive Advantage: Keeps the organization adaptive and ahead in a changing market.

Techniques for Continuous Improvement:

• Kaizen: Focuses on small, continuous changes at all levels.
• PDCA Cycle: Plan-Do-Check-Act, a systematic approach to problem-solving.
• Six Sigma: Reduces process variability to improve quality.

d. Significant of Demand Forecasting

Demand forecasting is the process of estimating future customer demand for a product or service over a specific period. It is a critical business activity that helps organizations make informed decisions and prepare for market changes.

Importance of Demand Forecasting:

1. Production Planning: Enables businesses to align production schedules with expected demand, minimizing overproduction or shortages.

2. Inventory Management: Helps maintain optimal inventory levels, reducing holding costs and avoiding stockouts.

3. Resource Allocation: Assists in efficient allocation of resources like labor, raw materials, and capital, ensuring smooth operations.

4. Financial Planning: Supports accurate budgeting and revenue projections, aiding in investment decisions and cash flow management.

5. Customer Satisfaction: Ensures timely delivery of goods and services, enhancing customer experience and loyalty.

6. Strategic Decision-Making: Provides insights for market expansion, product diversification, and pricing strategies.

e. Conflict in Project Management

Conflict in project management arises when there are disagreements or misunderstandings among project stakeholders, team members, or external parties involved in the project. Such conflicts can stem from various factors, including differing priorities, unclear roles and responsibilities, resource limitations, communication gaps, or personality clashes.

Types of Conflicts:

1. Task-Based Conflicts: Disagreements about project goals, scope, schedules, or work assignments.
2. Interpersonal Conflicts: Personality differences or emotional tensions among team members.
3. Resource Conflicts: Competition over limited resources such as budget, tools, or team members' time.

Impact on Projects:

• Positive: If managed constructively, conflicts can foster creative problem-solving and lead to improved decision-making.
• Negative: Poorly managed conflicts can disrupt teamwork, delay project timelines, and decrease team morale.

Conflict Resolution Strategies:

1. Collaboration: Encouraging team members to work together to find mutually beneficial solutions.
2. Compromise: Finding middle ground where each party gives up something to reach an agreement.
3. Avoidance: Postponing the conflict if it is minor or not urgent.
4. Accommodation: Prioritizing the needs of others to maintain harmony.
5. Forcing: Using authority to resolve disputes when quick decisions are required.

Elective: Operation Research (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2022	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2023	November	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November		Solution
2025	April

Elective: International Finance (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2022	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download	Solution
2025	April

Elective: Brand Management (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download	Solution
2025	April		Solution

Elective: HRM in Global Perspective (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download	Solution
2025	April

Elective: Innovation Financial Service (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download	Solution
2025	April		Solution

Elective: Retail Management (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download
2025	April

Elective: Organizational Development (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download	Solution
2025	April

Elective: Project Management (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download	Solution
2025	April

Elective: International Marketing (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download
2025	April

Elective: HRM in Service Sector Management (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download
2025	April

Elective: Strategic Financial Management (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download	Solution
2025	April

Elective: Media Planning (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download	Solution
2025	April

Elective: Workforce Diversity (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download
2025	April

Elective: Financing Rural Development (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download
2025	April

Elective: Sport Marketing (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download
2025	April

Elective: HRM Accounting & Audit (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download	Solution
2025	April

Elective: Indirect Tax (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download	Solution
2025	April

Elective: Marketing of Non-Profit Organization (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download	Solution
2025	April

Elective: Indian Ethos in Management (CBCGS)
Year	Month	Q.P.	Link
IMP Q.			Solution
Obj. Q			Solution
2019	April	Download	Solution
2019	November	Download	Solution
2023	April	Download	Solution
2024	April	Download	Solution
2024	November	Download	Solution
2025	April