Maharashtra Board Class 10 SSC Social Science History and Civics Question Paper

Mukund Pathak June 18, 2023


Maharashtra State Board Class 10 
SSC Social Science History and Civics Question Paper
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                         STD: SSC (Xth)                                  History and Civics 
                      Marks: 40 Marks                                Time: 2 Hours                                                                    ===================================================
Note:- 1) Al/ the activities/questions are compulsory.
2)  Figures to the right indicate full marks.
3)  Question Nos. 1 to 5 are based on History and Questions Nos.6 to 9 are based on Political
Science.
4)  It is mandatory to write a complete statement as answer in Question No. I(A) and 6. 
5) In Question Nos. 2(A) and 8(B) the appropriate answers are expected to be written by pen in the concept map.
6) If the answers of Question No. I(A) and (B) and Question No. 6 are repeated then only the first attempted answer will be considered.

Q.l. (A) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the sentences: (3)
 1) The collection in the increased to a great extent Bonaparte. 
        a) National Museum of Natural History                b) British Museum
        c) Louvre Museum                                                d) The Calico Museum
     
Ans: The collection in the Louvre Museum increased to a great extent during Bonaparte's time.
 2) Thomas Cook established a travel agency selling
        a) handicrafts                                b) toys
        c) food items                                d) tourist tickets
       
Ans: Thomas Cook established a travel agency selling tourist tickets.
3)was the first Indian cricketer to pioneer cricket commentary.
       a) Bal J. Pandit                          b) Sunil Gavaskar
        c) Ravi Shashtri                            d) Dhyan Chand
Ans: Bal J. Pandit was the first Indian cricketer to pioneer cricket commentary.

Q.l. (B) Identify the wrong pair and rewrite it:                                                                      (3)


 

1)

i) Darpan              —      Balshastri Jambhekar

ii) Kesari            —      Bal Gangadhar Tilak 

iii) Digdarshan     —      Narendra Sharma 

iv) Deenbandhu    —     Krishnarao Bhalekar

 

2)

i) Humayun'sTomb    ii) Jantar Mantar 

iii) Rani -Ki-Vav       iv) Sun Temple

—Delhi

    — Jaipur

— Gujarat—Agra

 

 

3)


i) 'Who were the Shudras'


 ii) 'Stri-Purush Tulana' 


iii) 'The Indian War of    independence' 


iv) 'Cambridge History of India'

— Subaltern History

— Feminist History

— Marxist History


— Colonial History

Ans: 

1) Wrong Pair: 


iii) Digdarshan - Narendra Sharma


Rewritten: 


iii) Digdarshan - Vishnu Bhave


2) Wrong Pair:


— Gujarat - Agra


Rewritten:


— Gujarat - Modhera


3) Wrong Pair:


iv) 'Cambridge History of India' - Colonial History


Rewritten:


iv) 'Cambridge History of India' - Historiography

Q.2. (A) Complete the following chart/map: (any two)                                                         (4)

        1)               


                                


     Ans: 

          2)                             




Q.2. (B) Write short notes: (any two)                                   (4) 

1) E-newspapers. 
Ans" E-newspapers, also known as online newspapers or digital newspapers, refer to the electronic version of traditional printed newspapers that can be accessed and read on various digital devices such as computers, smartphones, and tablets. Here are some short notes on e-newspapers:

1. Digital Transformation: E-newspapers represent a significant shift in the publishing industry, adapting to the digital era and the changing habits of readers who increasingly consume news online. They have become a key component of the digital transformation of the media landscape.

2. Accessibility and Convenience: E-newspapers offer readers the convenience of accessing news content anytime and anywhere with an internet connection. Readers can browse and read articles, view multimedia content, and access archives with ease, eliminating the need for physical newspapers.

3. Instant Updates: With e-newspapers, breaking news and updates can be delivered to readers in real-time. News organizations can quickly publish and distribute news articles, ensuring that readers stay informed with the latest developments as they unfold.

4. Multimedia Integration: E-newspapers often include multimedia elements such as images, videos, and interactive graphics, enhancing the reading experience and providing a more engaging and comprehensive way to consume news.

5. Searchability and Archives: E-newspapers typically offer search functions, allowing readers to quickly find specific articles or topics of interest. Additionally, they often provide archives that store past editions, enabling readers to access older news articles and conduct research more conveniently.

6. Environmental Impact: E-newspapers contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing paper consumption and waste associated with traditional print newspapers. They support the shift towards a more eco-friendly approach to news consumption.

7. Monetization and Business Models: E-newspapers have prompted news organizations to explore new revenue streams and business models, such as paywalls, subscriptions, and targeted advertising, to sustain their operations in the digital realm.

8. Global Reach: E-newspapers have the potential to reach a global audience beyond the constraints of geographical boundaries. News organizations can expand their readership and engage with a diverse range of readers worldwide.

9. Challenges and Opportunities: While e-newspapers offer numerous advantages, they also present challenges such as digital piracy, monetization struggles, and maintaining trust and credibility in the online realm. However, they also open up opportunities for innovation, audience engagement, and the integration of user-generated content.

10. Adaptation and Coexistence: E-newspapers coexist with traditional print newspapers, providing readers with options to choose their preferred medium. Many news organizations now operate in both digital and print formats, recognizing the evolving needs and preferences of their audience.

Overall, e-newspapers have revolutionized the way news is delivered, consumed, and shared. They offer convenience, interactivity, and accessibility while reshaping the dynamics of the journalism industry in the digital age.

 2) Tradition of Traveling 
Ans" The tradition of traveling refers to the long-standing cultural practice and custom of exploring and experiencing new places. Here are some key points about the tradition of traveling:

1. Cultural Exchange: Traveling allows individuals to engage in cultural exchange by immersing themselves in different environments, interacting with diverse communities, and experiencing local customs, traditions, and languages. It fosters an appreciation for cultural diversity and broadens one's worldview.

2. Exploration and Discovery: Throughout history, humans have had a natural curiosity to explore the world around them. The tradition of traveling stems from this innate desire for discovery, adventure, and the quest for new knowledge and experiences.

3. Pilgrimages: Many religious and spiritual traditions involve pilgrimages, which are journeys to sacred sites or destinations of significance. Pilgrimages often have deep cultural and spiritual meanings, providing individuals with opportunities for introspection, reflection, and personal growth.

4. Trade and Commerce: Traveling has played a crucial role in facilitating trade and commerce between different regions and civilizations. Historically, merchants and traders embarked on long journeys to connect markets, exchange goods, and establish economic relationships.

5. Educational Purposes: Traveling has been an essential part of education and learning for centuries. From ancient times to modern educational systems, students and scholars have undertaken journeys to acquire knowledge, study abroad, attend conferences, or engage in research and exploration.

6. Tourism and Leisure: With the advent of modern transportation and infrastructure, traveling has become more accessible and widespread as a leisure activity. Tourism has emerged as a significant industry, attracting millions of people who travel for recreational purposes, relaxation, sightseeing, and experiencing different destinations.

7. Adventure and Personal Growth: Traveling often involves stepping out of one's comfort zone, embracing new challenges, and seeking personal growth. It offers opportunities for adventure, self-discovery, and overcoming obstacles, fostering resilience, independence, and adaptability.

8. Preservation of Traditional Knowledge: Traditional cultures and indigenous communities have preserved their customs, knowledge, and traditions through oral histories and storytelling, often shared with travelers. By engaging with these communities, travelers can contribute to the preservation and appreciation of traditional knowledge and practices.

9. Environmental Awareness: Traveling can promote environmental awareness and conservation efforts. Experiencing different ecosystems, natural wonders, and fragile environments can inspire travelers to become advocates for sustainable practices and the protection of the planet.

10. Travel as a Lifestyle: For some individuals, traveling becomes a way of life, embracing a nomadic or digital nomad lifestyle. They adopt a flexible and location-independent approach, using technology to work remotely while exploring various destinations and cultures.

The tradition of traveling reflects humanity's innate curiosity, desire for exploration, and the pursuit of knowledge and experiences beyond one's immediate surroundings. It encompasses cultural exchange, personal growth, trade, leisure, and a deeper understanding of the world we inhabit.

3) Feminist History
Ans: Feminist history is a branch of historical study that focuses on understanding and analyzing the experiences, contributions, and struggles of women throughout history. Here are some key points about feminist history:

1. Challenging Male-Centric Perspectives: Feminist history seeks to challenge traditional male-centric narratives that have dominated historical accounts. It aims to uncover and highlight the experiences, perspectives, and achievements of women that have often been marginalized, overlooked, or silenced in historical records.

2. Intersectionality: Feminist history recognizes the importance of intersectionality, understanding that gender intersects with other aspects of identity such as race, class, sexuality, and nationality. It acknowledges that women's experiences and histories are shaped by multiple social, cultural, and economic factors, and seeks to examine these intersections.

3. Recovering Women's Voices: Feminist historians engage in the recovery and rediscovery of women's voices and stories from the past. They explore archival records, diaries, letters, oral histories, and other sources to shed light on the diverse lives, contributions, and struggles of women across different time periods and regions.

4. Women's Agency and Resistance: Feminist history emphasizes women's agency and their acts of resistance in the face of patriarchal systems and structures. It explores how women have challenged societal norms, fought for their rights, and made significant contributions to various spheres of life, including politics, science, art, literature, and social movements.

5. Gender as a Historical Construct: Feminist historians analyze gender as a social construct that has evolved and changed over time. They investigate how ideas and expectations about femininity and masculinity have influenced power dynamics, social roles, and inequalities throughout history.

6. Examining Power Structures: Feminist history scrutinizes power structures and systems of oppression that have perpetuated gender-based discrimination and inequality. It investigates how patriarchy, sexism, misogyny, and other forms of discrimination have shaped historical events, institutions, and social norms.

7. Redefining Historical Narratives: Feminist history aims to reshape historical narratives by incorporating women's experiences and perspectives, challenging traditional interpretations, and offering alternative narratives that provide a more inclusive and accurate representation of the past.

8. Activism and Social Change: Feminist history often intersects with feminist activism and social movements. It seeks to inspire social change, challenge gender inequalities, and promote gender justice by examining historical struggles and achievements of women as sources of inspiration and empowerment.

9. Collaboration and Community: Feminist history encourages collaboration and community-building among scholars, activists, and individuals interested in women's history. It fosters spaces for dialogue, research, and collective knowledge production, allowing for the sharing of resources, perspectives, and insights.

10. Global and Transnational Perspectives: Feminist history recognizes the importance of global and transnational perspectives. It examines how women's experiences and movements have transcended national boundaries, highlighting connections, networks, and solidarities among women across different cultures and regions.

Feminist history contributes to a more comprehensive and inclusive understanding of the past, promoting gender equality, social justice, and the recognition of women's contributions to society. It challenges traditional historical narratives, broadens historical analysis, and advocates for a more balanced and nuanced portrayal of women's experiences throughout history.

Q.3. Explain the following statements with reasons: (any two)  (4)            

1) Only Trained persons, who are duly qualified can take up the tasks involved in the work of conservation and preservation.

Ans" Only trained persons who are duly qualified can take up the tasks involved in the work of conservation and preservation due to the following reasons:


1. Specialized Knowledge: Conservation and preservation work often require a deep understanding of the specific objects, materials, or environments being preserved. Trained professionals possess specialized knowledge about the appropriate techniques, materials, and best practices necessary to protect and conserve cultural heritage, natural resources, artifacts, or historical sites.


2. Technical Skills: Conservation and preservation tasks involve various technical skills that are acquired through proper training and education. These skills can include documentation, cleaning, restoration, handling, storage, environmental monitoring, and preventive conservation measures. Trained professionals are equipped with the necessary skills to perform these tasks effectively and safely.


3. Preservation Ethics: Conservation and preservation work is guided by ethical principles that prioritize the long-term preservation of cultural and natural heritage. Trained professionals are familiar with these ethics and adhere to international standards and guidelines that ensure the responsible and sustainable management of resources.


4. Risk Assessment and Mitigation: Trained individuals have the expertise to assess risks and potential threats to heritage and apply appropriate strategies to mitigate them. This can include factors like climate change, pests, pollutants, or human activities that may jeopardize the integrity of cultural or natural assets. Qualified professionals are skilled in identifying potential risks and implementing measures to safeguard them.


5. Preservation of Authenticity: Preserving the authenticity and integrity of cultural artifacts, historical sites, or natural resources is crucial in conservation work. Trained individuals have the knowledge to identify and understand the significance of specific features, materials, or techniques used in the creation of heritage assets. They can make informed decisions on preserving and presenting these elements to maintain the authenticity of the objects or sites.


6. Documentation and Research: Conservation and preservation involve documentation and research to understand the historical, cultural, or scientific value of the objects or environments being preserved. Trained professionals are skilled in conducting research, archival work, and data collection to document and interpret heritage assets accurately. This knowledge contributes to the broader understanding and knowledge dissemination of cultural and natural heritage.


7. Collaboration and Networking: Trained conservation professionals often work collaboratively with interdisciplinary teams, including scientists, curators, archaeologists, architects, and community stakeholders. Their training enables effective communication, collaboration, and coordination within such teams, ensuring that conservation efforts align with the broader goals of heritage preservation.


8. Long-Term Planning: Conservation and preservation require long-term planning and sustainable strategies to ensure the longevity of cultural or natural assets. Trained professionals possess the skills to develop comprehensive conservation plans, establish monitoring systems, and implement ongoing maintenance programs. They can make informed decisions on resource allocation, risk management, and prioritization of conservation efforts.


By entrusting conservation and preservation tasks to trained and qualified individuals, there is an increased likelihood of effective and responsible management of cultural and natural heritage. Their expertise, skills, and adherence to ethical principles contribute to the long-term preservation and accessibility of valuable assets for future generations.


2)  Bakhar is an important type of historical documents.

Ans: Yes, "Bakhar" is indeed an important type of historical document. Bakhar, also known as "Bakhars" or "Bakharsas," refers to a genre of historical narratives or chronicles written in the Marathi language, primarily in the region of Maharashtra in India. These texts provide valuable insights into the history, culture, and socio-political dynamics of the region during different periods.


Here are some key points about Bakhar as an important historical document:


1. Historical Accounts: Bakhar texts serve as historical accounts documenting significant events, rulers, dynasties, and social developments of a particular era. They provide firsthand or contemporary narratives that shed light on various aspects of the past.


2. Local Perspective: Bakhar texts often reflect a local or regional perspective, focusing on the historical events and figures specific to the Maharashtra region. They contribute to the understanding of the local history and its connections with broader historical contexts.


3. Primary Sources: Bakhar texts are considered primary sources of historical information. They are derived from original sources, including eyewitness accounts, court documents, official records, inscriptions, and personal narratives of individuals closely associated with the events or personalities they describe.


4. Biographical Content: Many Bakhar texts are biographical in nature, focusing on the lives and achievements of rulers, nobles, military leaders, saints, scholars, and other influential figures. These biographies provide valuable insights into the personal and political lives of prominent individuals and their impact on the society and culture of the time.


5. Language and Style: Bakhar texts are written in the Marathi language, showcasing the linguistic and literary traditions of Maharashtra. They often exhibit a unique style of narrative, influenced by the prevailing literary conventions and poetic forms of the time.


6. Preservation of Local Traditions: Bakhar texts play a significant role in preserving local traditions, customs, folklore, and cultural practices. They capture the social fabric, religious beliefs, rituals, art forms, and everyday life of the people during a specific historical period.


7. Historical Contextualization: Bakhar texts provide historical context and help in understanding the chronology of events, succession of rulers, dynastic changes, and socio-political transformations that occurred in Maharashtra over time.


8. Source of Inspiration: Bakhar texts have served as a source of inspiration for subsequent generations of writers, historians, researchers, and scholars interested in the history of Maharashtra. They have influenced the development of historical scholarship and the understanding of the region's past.


Overall, Bakhar is an important type of historical document that contributes to our knowledge and understanding of the history, culture, and society of Maharashtra. Its significance lies in its primary source nature, regional perspective, and the insights it provides into the lives of historical figures and the events that shaped the region's history.


3)  The number of people travelling back and forth from India has increased considerably. 

Ans: The number of people traveling back and forth from India has indeed increased considerably in recent years. There are several factors contributing to this trend:


1. Economic Growth: India has experienced significant economic growth, resulting in improved living standards and increased disposable income for many individuals. As a result, more people can afford to travel for leisure, business, education, or other purposes.


2. Globalization and Connectivity: With advancements in transportation and communication technology, the world has become more interconnected. Increased connectivity through air travel, improved infrastructure, and the expansion of international airlines have made travel more accessible and convenient.


3. Tourism Boom: India is a country rich in cultural heritage, historical sites, diverse landscapes, and vibrant cities. The tourism industry has witnessed a significant boom, attracting both domestic and international tourists. This has led to an increase in the number of people traveling to and from India.


4. Education and Work Opportunities: India is recognized as a hub for higher education and offers various academic and professional opportunities. Many students and professionals travel to India for educational pursuits, research collaborations, internships, or job prospects. Similarly, Indian professionals are seeking international opportunities, resulting in increased travel abroad.


5. Diaspora and Family Connections: India has a large diaspora scattered across the globe. Many individuals and families travel back and forth to India to visit relatives, reconnect with their cultural roots, or attend special events and celebrations. This ongoing connection contributes to the increased movement of people.


6. Medical Tourism: India has emerged as a popular destination for medical tourism, with state-of-the-art healthcare facilities and cost-effective treatments. International patients travel to India for specialized medical procedures, surgeries, and treatments, further boosting the number of people traveling to and from the country.


7. Business and Trade: India's growing economy and favorable business environment have attracted international investors, entrepreneurs, and professionals. Increased business activities and trade partnerships necessitate frequent travel between India and other countries.


8. Ease of Travel: The Indian government has taken steps to simplify visa processes, introduce e-visa facilities, and improve airport infrastructure, making travel to and from India more convenient. These measures have contributed to the growth in the number of travelers.


Overall, the increased number of people traveling back and forth from India is a result of various factors such as economic growth, improved connectivity, tourism opportunities, education prospects, family connections, healthcare facilities, business engagements, and simplified travel procedures. This trend is expected to continue as globalization and people's desire for exploration, education, leisure, and professional growth continue to thrive.


4) It is necessary to preserve and conserve our natural and cultural heritage.

Ans: Preserving and conserving our natural and cultural heritage is indeed necessary for several important reasons:


1. Environmental Stewardship: Natural heritage, such as forests, wildlife, ecosystems, and landscapes, provides vital ecosystem services that support life on Earth. Preserving these natural resources is crucial for maintaining biodiversity, protecting endangered species, mitigating climate change, and ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources for future generations.


2. Cultural Identity and Diversity: Cultural heritage, including historical sites, monuments, traditional knowledge, languages, rituals, and artistic expressions, reflects the identity and diversity of different communities and civilizations. Preserving cultural heritage helps foster a sense of belonging, cultural pride, and social cohesion. It also contributes to intercultural dialogue, understanding, and respect.


3. Education and Research: Natural and cultural heritage provide valuable educational resources for research, learning, and understanding our past and present. They offer opportunities for scientific study, archaeological investigations, historical analysis, and interdisciplinary research, enriching our knowledge and contributing to intellectual and cultural development.


4. Tourism and Economic Benefits: Preserving natural and cultural heritage attracts tourists and visitors, stimulating local economies and creating employment opportunities. Historical sites, national parks, museums, and cultural events draw visitors, who contribute to the local economy through spending on accommodations, transportation, dining, and other services.


5. Spiritual and Aesthetic Values: Natural and cultural heritage holds significant spiritual, aesthetic, and recreational values. Preserving pristine natural environments, sacred sites, and culturally significant places allows individuals to connect with nature, find inspiration, and experience beauty. These values contribute to our overall well-being and quality of life.


6. Sense of Place and Sense of History: Natural and cultural heritage help create a sense of place and provide a tangible link to our history, traditions, and ancestral roots. They allow us to understand our origins, appreciate our heritage, and pass down knowledge and traditions to future generations, fostering a sense of continuity and identity.


7. Environmental and Cultural Sustainability: Preserving natural and cultural heritage aligns with the principles of sustainability. It involves responsible management, conservation practices, and the promotion of sustainable tourism, ensuring the long-term protection of ecosystems, cultural traditions, and resources.


8. Mitigating Loss and Irreversible Damage: Once natural or cultural heritage is lost or significantly damaged, it is often impossible to recover fully. Preserving and conserving our heritage helps prevent irreversible loss and damage, safeguarding the legacy and value of these irreplaceable assets.


By preserving and conserving our natural and cultural heritage, we can protect the environment, promote cultural diversity, educate future generations, stimulate economic growth, enhance well-being, and ensure the sustainability of our planet for present and future generations. It is a collective responsibility to protect and cherish our heritage for the benefit of humanity as a whole.


Q.4. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:         (4)


Bal J. Pandit was the first Indian cricketer to pioneer cricket commentary. People used to listen very eagerly to his broadcasts from Akashvani. His well studied commentaries were full of information about the history of the playground, career history of the players, anecdotes about the game, and established records of the game. His commentaries used to be entertaining because of these historical details.


Questions:

1. Who was the first Indian cricketer to pioneer cricket commentary ?

Ans: Bal J. Pandit was the first Indian cricketer to pioneer cricket commentary.

(1)

 

2. What is the role of a cricket commentator in a match ?

Ans: a cricket commentator plays a crucial role in providing live commentary, analysis, and entertainment during a match.

(1)

 

3. What made the commentary of Bal J. Pandit entertaining ?

Ans: Bal J. Pandit's entertaining commentary was a combination of his energetic delivery, humor, storytelling abilities, language skills, quick responses, emotional connect with fans, extensive knowledge, and the infusion of cultural and regional elements.

(2)

 

Q.5. Answer the following questions in detail: (any two)                           (6)

 

1.      What kind of training is required to study written sources ?

Ans: To study written sources effectively, several types of training and skills are beneficial. Here are some key areas of training that can be valuable for studying written sources:


1. Research Skills: Training in research methodology is crucial for conducting thorough investigations and analyzing written sources. This includes learning techniques for locating relevant sources, gathering information, evaluating the credibility and reliability of the material, and organizing research findings.


2. Historical Context: Understanding the historical context in which written sources were created is essential. Training in history helps scholars interpret documents within the framework of the time period, political climate, social norms, and cultural influences. It enables them to identify biases, understand motivations, and recognize the significance of the sources in their historical context.


3. Linguistic and Philological Skills: Proficiency in relevant languages is essential for studying written sources from different periods and regions. Training in linguistics and philology equips scholars with the ability to read and interpret original texts accurately. This includes skills such as deciphering ancient scripts, understanding dialects, and analyzing language changes over time.


4. Paleography and Manuscript Studies: Paleography is the study of ancient or historical handwriting. Training in paleography enables scholars to decipher and read old manuscripts accurately. It involves learning different scripts, understanding letter forms, abbreviations, and other features of handwriting prevalent in different time periods.


5. Textual Criticism: Training in textual criticism provides scholars with the skills to analyze variations and discrepancies in written sources. It involves comparing different versions of a text, identifying errors, interpolations, or deliberate modifications, and establishing the most reliable or authentic version of the source.


6. Source Evaluation: Training in critical thinking and source evaluation helps researchers assess the authenticity, reliability, and biases present in written sources. Scholars learn to examine the authorship, purpose, audience, and potential agendas behind the creation of the documents. This training helps in distinguishing primary sources from secondary sources and understanding the limitations and strengths of each.


7. Interdisciplinary Approaches: Training in interdisciplinary approaches allows scholars to draw upon different academic disciplines to gain a holistic understanding of written sources. This may include incorporating methodologies and theories from fields such as anthropology, sociology, literary studies, or archaeology, depending on the nature of the sources being studied.


8. Digital Humanities and Technology: In the digital age, training in digital humanities and technology is increasingly relevant for studying written sources. This includes skills in digitization, text encoding, data visualization, database management, and utilizing digital tools and resources for research and analysis.


It's important to note that the specific training required may vary depending on the field of study, such as history, archaeology, literature, or linguistics. Researchers often acquire these skills through academic courses, workshops, internships, or mentorship from experienced scholars in their respective fields. Continuous learning and keeping up with new research methods and technologies are also essential for studying written sources effectively.



2.      What were the different means of communication known around the world before the advent of newspaper ?

Ans: Before the advent of newspapers, various means of communication were employed around the world to disseminate information and news. These included:


1. Oral Tradition: The oral tradition was one of the earliest forms of communication. It involved the passing down of stories, news, and information through spoken words, often by community elders or storytellers. Oral traditions played a significant role in transmitting cultural knowledge, history, and news within communities.


2. Town Criers: Town criers were individuals appointed to deliver public announcements and news in public spaces. They would typically use a bell or other sound-making devices to gather attention and then proclaim news, royal proclamations, or important events to the local population.


3. Pictorial Communication: In societies where writing systems were not yet developed, pictorial communication was used. This involved the use of visual symbols, drawings, or hieroglyphs to convey messages, events, and information. Examples include ancient cave paintings, rock art, and Mayan glyphs.


4. Messenger Systems: Messenger systems relied on the use of individuals or couriers to physically carry messages from one location to another. These messengers would travel on foot, horseback, or other means of transportation, delivering important news, correspondence, or official dispatches between cities, rulers, or military camps.


5. Letters and Correspondence: Letter writing was a common means of communication for exchanging information, news, and personal messages. Letters were written by hand and sent via postal services or entrusted to messengers for delivery. They played a significant role in personal and official correspondence, as well as in maintaining social connections.


6. Public Notices and Announcements: Public notices, proclamations, and announcements were posted in prominent public places such as town squares, marketplaces, or community centers. These notices contained news about events, policies, regulations, or other important information that needed to be disseminated to the general public.


7. Pamphlets and Broadsheets: Before the advent of newspapers, pamphlets and broadsheets were used to distribute news, commentaries, and information. These were single-sheet publications containing condensed news reports, opinion pieces, advertisements, or announcements. They were often circulated in public spaces or handed out to individuals.


8. Word of Mouth: Word of mouth communication involved the sharing of news and information through personal interactions and conversations. It relied on social networks, gatherings, and interpersonal relationships to spread news within communities. Rumors and gossip also played a role in disseminating information.


9. Handwritten Newsletters: Handwritten newsletters were produced by individuals or organizations to share news and updates within a specific community or group. These newsletters were copied by hand and distributed among members or subscribers who were interested in receiving the latest information.


10. Public Gatherings and Events: Public gatherings, festivals, fairs, and religious ceremonies provided opportunities for people to exchange news, share stories, and disseminate information. These events served as platforms for communication and served as informal channels for spreading news and updates.


These forms of communication varied across regions, cultures, and historical periods. They were limited in reach and speed compared to the mass circulation and instantaneous news dissemination that newspapers would later provide. Nonetheless, they played a crucial role in facilitating communication and keeping people informed before the rise of modern print media.


3.      What are the professional fields associated with tourism ?

Ans: The field of tourism encompasses a wide range of professional areas. Some of the key professional fields associated with tourism include:


1. Travel and Tour Operations: This field involves planning, organizing, and managing travel experiences for individuals and groups. Professionals in this field work for travel agencies, tour operators, online travel platforms, and destination management companies. They handle various aspects of travel arrangements, such as itinerary planning, transportation, accommodation, and tour packages.


2. Hospitality Management: Hospitality management focuses on the management and operations of hotels, resorts, restaurants, and other accommodation establishments. Professionals in this field oversee guest services, front desk operations, food and beverage services, housekeeping, event management, and overall customer satisfaction.


3. Event Management: Event management professionals specialize in planning and organizing events, conferences, exhibitions, and other special occasions in the tourism industry. They coordinate logistics, handle vendor management, create event programs, and ensure the smooth execution of events to meet the needs and expectations of attendees.


4. Tourism Marketing and Promotion: This field involves marketing destinations, attractions, hotels, and travel services to attract tourists. Professionals in tourism marketing develop strategies, conduct market research, create promotional campaigns, manage digital marketing efforts, and collaborate with tourism organizations, governments, and businesses to promote destinations and increase visitor numbers.


5. Tour Guiding and Interpretation: Tour guides play a vital role in providing informative and engaging experiences for tourists. They lead tours, provide historical and cultural information, guide visitors through attractions, and ensure their safety and satisfaction. Tour guides may specialize in specific regions, heritage sites, adventure tourism, or niche travel experiences.


6. Destination Management: Destination management professionals focus on the sustainable development, planning, and management of tourist destinations. They collaborate with local communities, government bodies, and tourism stakeholders to enhance visitor experiences, protect natural and cultural resources, and ensure the long-term viability of destinations.


7. Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism: Professionals in ecotourism and sustainable tourism work towards promoting responsible travel practices that minimize negative environmental impacts and support local communities. They develop sustainable tourism strategies, conduct environmental assessments, design eco-friendly tour packages, and educate tourists on sustainable practices.


8. Tourism Research and Policy: This field involves conducting research on tourism trends, impacts, and market analysis. Professionals in tourism research contribute to the development of policies, regulations, and strategies that support the growth and sustainability of the tourism industry. They work with government agencies, tourism boards, and research institutions to provide valuable insights for decision-making.


9. Travel Journalism and Writing: Travel journalists and writers specialize in capturing and sharing travel experiences through various media platforms. They write travel articles, blogs, guidebooks, and create multimedia content to inform and inspire travelers. They may work as freelance writers, travel bloggers, or contribute to travel publications.


10. Airline and Transportation Services: The airline and transportation industry is closely linked to tourism. Professionals in this field work for airlines, airports, cruise lines, railways, and other transportation companies. They handle operations, customer service, logistics, revenue management, and ensure smooth travel experiences for tourists.


These are just a few examples of the diverse professional fields associated with tourism. The industry offers a range of career opportunities, allowing individuals to pursue their interests and strengths within the dynamic and ever-growing field of tourism.


4.      Explain Karl Marx's 'Class theory'.

Ans: Karl Marx's class theory is a foundational concept in his overall framework of understanding society and its dynamics. It forms a central aspect of Marxist theory and provides insights into the social and economic relationships that shape societies.


According to Marx, class theory is based on the premise that society is fundamentally divided into different social classes that have conflicting interests. These classes are defined by their relationship to the means of production, which refers to the resources, tools, and technologies necessary for producing goods and services.


Marx identifies two primary classes in capitalist societies:


1. Bourgeoisie (Capitalist Class): The bourgeoisie refers to the capitalist class or the owners of the means of production, such as factories, land, and capital. They accumulate wealth and profit through the exploitation of labor. The bourgeoisie controls and directs the production process and holds significant economic and political power in society.


2. Proletariat (Working Class): The proletariat comprises the working class, who do not own the means of production and are compelled to sell their labor power to the bourgeoisie in order to earn a living. The proletariat typically performs manual or non-managerial labor and lacks significant control over the production process. They rely on wages and are subjected to the conditions and demands set by the bourgeoisie.


According to Marx, the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is characterized by class struggle. The bourgeoisie seeks to maximize profits and maintain their control over the means of production, while the proletariat seeks better working conditions, higher wages, and improved living standards. These conflicting interests give rise to tensions and contradictions within capitalist societies.

Marx believed that the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would ultimately lead to the overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a socialist or communist society. He argued that the proletariat, as the exploited class, would become conscious of their collective power and unite to challenge the bourgeoisie. Through revolution, the proletariat would seize control of the means of production, abolish private ownership, and establish a classless society where the means of production are collectively owned and wealth is distributed equitably.

Marx's class theory has had a profound impact on social and political thought. It provides a framework for understanding the dynamics of inequality, exploitation, and social change within capitalist societies. Marx's ideas continue to influence discussions on class, labor, and capitalism, and have inspired various movements and theories seeking to address social and economic injustices.

Q.6. Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the sentences.    (2)
1. When people come together and participate in electoral process, to acquire political power, such organisations are called
a) Government          b) Society        c) Political parties       d) Social Organisations  
Ans:         c) Political parties

2.To increase agricultural production and become self-sufficient with regard to food grains was initiated.
a) Water revolution   b) Green revolution     c) Industrial revolution      d) White revolution

Ans: b) Green revolution

Q.7.State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for your answer: (any two)                              (4)

1.  Consumer movement came into existence.

Ans: To determine the truthfulness of the statement "Consumer movement came into existence," I need additional context or information. The consumer movement is a broad term that refers to organized efforts and initiatives aimed at protecting consumer rights and promoting fair practices in the marketplace. It advocates for consumer education, product safety, fair pricing, and the right to information and redress.


Without specific details regarding the time period or region in question, it is difficult to ascertain the accuracy of the statement. However, in a general sense, consumer movements have indeed emerged worldwide in response to growing consumer awareness and concerns about unethical business practices.


Consumer movements have led to the establishment of consumer protection laws, regulatory bodies, and organizations dedicated to consumer advocacy. They have played a crucial role in improving consumer rights and shaping consumer-oriented policies.


Therefore, based on the general existence and impact of consumer movements, it is likely that the statement "Consumer movement came into existence" is true. However, it is important to note that the degree and extent of the consumer movement's presence can vary across different countries and time periods.


2.  Political parties are social organizations.

Ans: The statement "Political parties are social organizations" is true.


Political parties can be categorized as social organizations because they are composed of groups of individuals who come together with shared political interests, goals, and ideologies. They are formed to participate in the political process and seek to influence public policy, governance, and decision-making.


Political parties operate within society and engage with various social, economic, and cultural aspects. They aim to represent different segments of the population and advocate for their interests and concerns. Political parties often mobilize support, conduct political campaigns, and engage in activities that involve interaction and engagement with society.


Moreover, political parties are embedded in social structures and institutions. They are influenced by social dynamics, public opinion, and social movements. The composition and support base of political parties often reflect social divisions, identities, and affiliations.


Political parties are distinct from the government, which is the formal governing body with executive, legislative, and administrative powers. However, political parties play a significant role in shaping and participating in the political system and democratic processes within a society.


Therefore, considering the nature, objectives, and functioning of political parties, it can be concluded that they are social organizations as they operate within and interact with society to pursue political objectives.


3.  The state government decides as to when and in how many stages the elections would be held in a particular State.

Ans: The statement "Political parties are social organizations" is true.


Political parties can be classified as social organizations because they are formed by groups of individuals who share common political ideologies, interests, and goals. They are created to represent and advocate for the interests and aspirations of specific segments of society within the political arena.


Political parties are deeply intertwined with social structures and dynamics. They interact with and mobilize support from various social groups, including workers, farmers, business owners, professionals, and different demographic sections of society. They aim to address social issues, promote specific policies, and address the concerns of their constituents.


Furthermore, political parties often engage in activities that reflect social processes, such as organizing rallies, conducting grassroots campaigns, and participating in social movements. They play a significant role in shaping public opinion, addressing social inequalities, and representing the diverse perspectives and interests present within a society.


While political parties have distinct functions and structures compared to other types of social organizations, such as NGOs or community groups, they are inherently social in nature due to their focus on representing and influencing the collective interests of society within the political sphere.


Therefore, based on these reasons, it can be concluded that political parties are indeed social organizations.

Q.8. (A) Explain the following concept : (any one)                                                                               1.  National Parties.

Ans: The statement "National Parties" is not a complete statement. It seems to be a topic or a heading rather than a statement that can be evaluated as true or false. 


National parties, in the context of politics, refer to political parties that have a presence and operations across the entire nation or country. These parties aim to secure representation and power at the national level, typically by contesting elections and seeking to form the government or play a significant role in governance.


National parties often have a broader ideological or policy agenda and seek to appeal to a wide range of voters across different regions and demographics. They typically have a well-established organizational structure, resources, and a larger support base compared to regional or local parties.


Examples of national parties vary depending on the country being referred to. In the Indian context, for instance, national parties include the Indian National Congress (INC), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and other recognized political parties that have a presence and operations across multiple states.


Therefore, the statement "National Parties" by itself cannot be evaluated as true or false without additional context or a specific claim.


  2.  Provisions regarding minorities.

Ans: Provisions regarding minorities vary across different countries and legal systems. However, many countries recognize the importance of protecting the rights and promoting the welfare of minority groups within their societies. These provisions are typically aimed at ensuring equality, non-discrimination, and the preservation of cultural, religious, and linguistic diversity.


Here are some common provisions that can be found in various legal frameworks:


1. Anti-discrimination laws: These laws prohibit discrimination based on factors such as race, religion, ethnicity, or language. They ensure that minority groups are protected from unfair treatment and have equal access to opportunities in various aspects of life, including employment, education, housing, and public services.


2. Affirmative action or positive discrimination: In some cases, governments may implement policies to promote the inclusion and representation of minority groups in areas where they have been historically underrepresented or disadvantaged. These policies aim to address past inequalities and provide opportunities for the advancement of minority communities.


3. Cultural and linguistic rights: These provisions recognize and protect the rights of minority groups to preserve and develop their own culture, language, and traditions. They may include measures to support cultural activities, access to cultural institutions, and the use of minority languages in public services and education.


4. Minority representation and participation: Some countries have mechanisms in place to ensure the representation and participation of minority communities in decision-making processes, such as reserved seats or quotas in legislative bodies, advisory councils, or community consultative mechanisms.


5. Special protection for vulnerable groups: Certain provisions may focus on protecting specific vulnerable minority groups, such as women, children, indigenous peoples, refugees, or persons with disabilities. These provisions aim to address the unique challenges and vulnerabilities faced by these groups and ensure their rights and well-being are safeguarded.


It is important to note that the specific provisions and their implementation may differ significantly from one country to another, depending on the legal and constitutional frameworks, cultural contexts, and historical circumstances. Additionally, the effectiveness of these provisions in practice can vary, and ongoing efforts are often required to address emerging challenges and promote the rights and well-being of minority communities.

(2)

Q.8. (B) Do as instructed : (any one)

(2)

1.      Complete the following concept diagram :



Ans: 1) Fair prices for agricultural produce

2) Access to agricultural inputs and resources

3) Debt relief and financial support

4) Land rights and tenancy reforms


2.      Complete the concept map .







    Q.9. Answer in brief : (any one)                                                                                     (2)

1.      Explain the activities /role/functions of environmental movement ?

Ans: The environmental movement encompasses a wide range of activities, roles, and functions aimed at advocating for environmental protection, conservation, and sustainability. The movement involves individuals, organizations, and communities working together to address environmental issues and promote positive change. Here are some key activities and roles associated with the environmental movement:


1. Awareness and Education: One of the primary roles of the environmental movement is to raise awareness about environmental issues, their causes, and potential solutions. This includes educating the public, organizing awareness campaigns, disseminating information through various platforms, and promoting environmental literacy.


2. Advocacy and Policy Influence: Environmental activists and organizations play a crucial role in advocating for strong environmental policies and influencing decision-making processes. They engage in lobbying, public campaigns, and advocacy efforts to push for sustainable practices, environmental regulations, and the protection of natural resources.


3. Conservation and Restoration: The environmental movement actively engages in conservation efforts to protect and preserve ecosystems, wildlife, and natural habitats. This involves activities such as habitat restoration, reforestation, protected area management, and wildlife conservation initiatives.


4. Sustainable Development and Practices: Environmental activists promote sustainable development practices that minimize environmental harm and promote long-term ecological balance. They advocate for renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, waste reduction, responsible consumption, and other practices that support a healthy environment and a sustainable future.


5. Community Engagement and Empowerment: The environmental movement recognizes the importance of community engagement and local participation in environmental decision-making. It works closely with communities, empowering them to take an active role in environmental initiatives, promoting sustainable livelihoods, and supporting grassroots movements.


6. Scientific Research and Analysis: Environmental organizations and activists often conduct scientific research and analysis to understand environmental issues, assess impacts, and develop evidence-based solutions. This includes studying climate change, pollution, biodiversity loss, and other environmental phenomena to inform policy and decision-making.


7. Collaboration and Networking: The environmental movement fosters collaboration and networking among diverse stakeholders, including NGOs, government agencies, businesses, and communities. This enables the sharing of knowledge, resources, and expertise, leading to collective action and more effective environmental initiatives.


8. Legal and Judicial Actions: Environmental activists may engage in legal and judicial actions to address environmental violations and seek legal remedies. This can involve filing lawsuits, challenging environmentally harmful projects, and advocating for stronger environmental laws and regulations.


These activities and roles of the environmental movement contribute to raising awareness, driving policy change, promoting sustainable practices, protecting ecosystems, and fostering a greater sense of environmental responsibility. By mobilizing individuals and communities, the movement strives to create a more sustainable and environmentally conscious world.


2.      Write some additional information about the post of the Election Commissioner.

Ans: The post of the Election Commissioner is a crucial position in ensuring free, fair, and transparent elections in a democratic system. Here are some additional pieces of information about the post of the Election Commissioner:


1. Independence and Impartiality: The Election Commissioner is expected to be independent and impartial in carrying out their responsibilities. They are entrusted with the task of overseeing the electoral process without any bias towards political parties or candidates. This impartiality is essential to maintain public trust and confidence in the electoral system.


2. Constitutional Authority: In many countries, the position of the Election Commissioner is established and governed by the constitution or specific electoral laws. The constitution may define the powers, functions, and tenure of the Election Commissioner, ensuring their autonomy and insulation from political interference.


3. Election Management: The Election Commissioner is responsible for the overall management and administration of elections. They oversee various aspects of the electoral process, including the preparation of electoral rolls, voter registration, nomination procedures, polling arrangements, and result declaration. They work closely with election officials, government agencies, and other stakeholders to ensure the smooth conduct of elections.


4. Election Monitoring and Regulation: The Election Commissioner monitors and regulates campaign activities, political financing, and compliance with election laws and ethical standards. They set guidelines and rules to maintain a level playing field for all candidates and parties, address electoral violations, and take necessary actions to uphold the integrity of the electoral process.


5. Electoral Reforms: The Election Commissioner often plays a significant role in proposing and implementing electoral reforms. They assess the effectiveness of existing electoral laws, practices, and procedures and make recommendations for improvements. Electoral reforms may aim to enhance voter participation, strengthen electoral infrastructure, ensure transparency, and address emerging challenges in the electoral landscape.


6. Election Commission: The Election Commissioner typically works as part of a multi-member Election Commission, which may consist of Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners. The Commission collectively takes decisions on various electoral matters, deliberates on policy issues, and ensures consensus-based decision-making.


7. Public Confidence and Outreach: The Election Commissioner plays a critical role in building public confidence in the electoral process. They engage in outreach activities to educate voters, promote voter awareness, and encourage participation in elections. This may involve conducting voter education campaigns, collaborating with civil society organizations, and fostering partnerships to enhance public trust in the electoral system.


8. Electoral Dispute Resolution: In cases of electoral disputes, the Election Commissioner may have the authority to adjudicate or provide recommendations for resolution. They ensure the fair and expeditious handling of complaints, challenges, and appeals related to election results or violations of electoral laws.


It's important to note that the specific roles and responsibilities of the Election Commissioner may vary depending on the country's electoral framework and legal provisions. The overarching objective is to ensure the conduct of free and fair elections, uphold democratic principles, and safeguard the integrity of the electoral process.



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